Negative ZIA Example: Zinc Citrate Speciation by pH

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Negative ZIA Example: Zinc Citrate Speciation by pH

Negative ZIA Example -- Zinc Citrate (Citrate in excess) Speciation by pH

Essentially no Zn2+ exists above pH 5.0. At physiologic pH 7.4, only negatively charged zinc citrate species exist.

The effect of 1.33 mol citric acid is sufficiently strong that the essentially insignificant effect of gluconic acid on the system (used in the zinc gluconate-citrate lozenge study by Farr and Gwaltney at the University of Virginia) in this speciation was ignored. At physiologic pH, only negatively charged species of zinc citrate can exist in this system.